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Real-Time Cytotoxicity Assays

Cytotoxicity can be caused by chemical stimuli, exposure to other cells (e.g., NK or T cells), or physical/environmental conditions. Cytotoxic treatment can result in one of three potential cellular fates. Whereas necrotic cell death involves the rapid loss of membrane integrity and cell lysis, apoptotic cell death is slower, more orderly, and is genetically controlled.

Traditional assays for evaluating cytotoxicity typically probe membrane integrity by looking at the passage of labels into the cell or the leakage of biomolecules out of the cell. However, these assays are time consuming and provide only endpoint data. In contrast, the Agilent xCELLigence RTCA cytotoxicity assay provides quantitative, real-time data for more detailed insight into cellular mechanisms causing cytotoxicity. Applications for measuring cytotoxicity span from investigating tumor cytotoxicity in 3D cell cultures, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), environmental water sample monitoring, to high-throughput drug screening and profiling.

Explore Agilent xCELLigence real-time cell analysis technologies to learn about a more comprehensive cytotoxicity assay that provides:

  • Tracking of 2D or 3D tumor cell growth and shrinkage via live cell imaging 
  • Quantitative and direct measurement of cell death by impedance
  • A simple and high-throughput method 
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Monitor Cytotoxicity of 3D Tumor Spheroids with Agilent xCELLigence RTCA eSight

Monitor and quantify growth (either label or label-free) of 3D single tumor spheroids with Agilent xCELLigence RTCA eSight—all inside your incubator. Perform simple and effective detection of 3D tumor cell growth and shrinkage via live cell imaging utilizing mix and read reagents to fully gauge spheroid proliferation and cytotoxicity. The simple 3D cellular viability or toxicity readouts generate reproducible data, resulting in deeper and more meaningful biological insights into your drug discovery assays.


Visualize and Quantify the Real-Time Kinetics of 3D Tumor Spheroid Cytotoxicity

In this example, the RTCA eSight live cell imaging system monitors camptothecin-mediated HT-1080 Red spheroids shrinkage. Images show HT-1080 Red spheroids treated by different concentrations of camptothecin and vehicle control for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days. Quantitative analysis of concentration-dependent cytotoxicity effect of camptothecin on HT-1080 Red spheroids is shown. Green fluorescent dead cell marker (eTox Green) and its corresponding segmentation mask (yellow) are also shown.


Simple Workflow to Investigate 3D Spheroid Culture Cytotoxicity

Tumor spheroid growth is traditionally examined visually by standard microscopy; however, this can be time consuming and labor intensive. The xCELLigence RTCA eSight system provides an image-based high-throughput screening method for 3D tumor spheroids, offering a more automated approach with less hands-on time and simple quantification of tumor growth or shrinkage. With this easy workflow, simply add cell treatments and/or reagents (eLenti, eTox, eAnnexin, or eCapase) at day 3 for quantitative analysis.


Multiplexed, Real-Time Measurement of Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity

Monitor and measure antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) with xCELLigence RTCA eSight by dual readout (impedance and imaging). Trastuzumab induced ADCC activity was monitored by RTCA eSight system in real time. As shown by multiplexed impedance and imaging, target SKBR3 cells shrink and undergo apoptosis process, whereas trastuzumab further enhances the killing of the HER2 overexpressing target cells.


Cytotoxicity Screening and Profiling

Easily perform high-throughput compound screening and profiling with the xCELLigence RTCA HT instrument, which provides real-time monitoring of changes in cell attachment, morphology, and growth characteristics as a response to cytotoxic agents. Make informed decisions about the timing of cell treatments and easily generate dose-response curves at multiple time points, without increasing the workload.


Assessing Water Cytotoxicity Using xCELLigence RTCA

See how Alberta Centre for Toxicology scientists developed a label-free, real-time cellular assay for source water monitoring. The scientists collected a total of 436 river water samples for assessment of water cytotoxicity. The assay used HepG2 (human hepatocarcinoma) cells and cytotoxicity response was tested at dilutions of 80%, 60%, 40%, 30%, 20%, and 10% of the original water samples. The Agilent xCELLigence RTCA system monitored HepG2 cell growth following exposure to the combined toxic effect present in water samples.



Resources

Long-Term High-Throughput Cytotoxicity Profiling

Generate real-time quantitative data for high-throughput compound screening to reveal dose-dependent cellular profiles.

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Assessing Water Cytotoxicity with a Real-Time Assay

This application note demonstrates a label-free, real-time cellular assay for source water monitoring developed at the Alberta Centre for Toxicology.

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Measure Cell Movement, Health, and Function

Get a comprehensive overview of cell health and viability applications with multiparametric real-time automated readouts by xCELLigence RTCA eSight.

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